THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE GI-MAP
Gastrointestinal health is our cornerstone and the core of designing a wellness pathway for your patients.
That’s why Designs for Health focus is to develop science-based GI gut health mapping tools, leading-edge products, education and product protocols for healthcare practitioners and their patients.
Optimal Health Starts with the Science of GI-MAP™
Quantitative PCR assay for GI pathogens
The GI-MAP™ (GI-Microbial Assay Plus) test is the first comprehensive stool analysis to include an FDA-approved DNA/PCR assay for GI pathogens performed on stool*. The pathogen targets include bacteria, parasites, and another first for the market – viruses. Using the same molecular technology, for microbe assays that are useful for integrative and functional medicine practitioners. And unlike previous PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays, we have fully validated each target organism in our panel, so that you can have confidence in the results. GI-MAP™ tests for GI pathogens, opportunistic organisms, normal flora, and markers of GI health including:
- Bacterial Pathogens
- Viral Pathogens
- Parasitic Pathogens
- Fungi + Yeast
- H Pylori + Virulence Factors
- H Pylori Antibiotic Resistance Genes
- Commensal Bacteria
- Bacterial Phyla
- Opportunistic Bacteria
- Auto-Immune Related Bacteria
- Commensal Inflammatory Bacteria
- Elastase
- Beta Glucoronidase
- Occult Blood
- SIgA
- Anti Gliadin IgA
- Eosinophil Activation Protein
- Calprotectin
Explore References for the GI-MAP™ Markers
Access References and Research Papers
To make this information easily accessible, we’ve structured it below in an accordion-style format. Simply click on the main sections to explore the markers within. For instance, under the “Pathogens” section, you will find specific markers such as Clostridia, each linked to relevant research articles.
This layout allows practitioners to quickly locate and review the scientific studies that validate each marker, ensuring that your interpretations and recommendations are backed by the latest research.
We hope this resource enhances your practice by providing reliable, evidence-based information at your fingertips.
GI-MAP™– The Superior Solution
Other available stool tests may appear to be DNA-based, but they are, in fact, only using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) to identify stool microbes. Their methodology relies on cultures from the stool and is not molecular/PCR-based assays. With a culture-based test, it is not possible to measure strict anaerobes, viruses, or virulence factors. They also lack the ability to deliver true quantitation of any of the reported organisms.
In addition, other recent test offerings using an FDA-cleared molecular technology only for pathogens do not extend any molecular methodology over an entire comprehensive stool analysis to include opportunistic and beneficial organisms, including bacteria, protozoa, and fungi, all of which are provided through the GI-MAP™.
Many advances in DNA technology have occurred over the last ten years, including an FDA-approved PCR-based technology and assay used by major hospital labs. Considering these advances, why would you still rely on culture and microscopy for stool analysis and assessment of the GI environment?
GI-MAP™ Science Resources
GI-MAP Technical Markers and Scientific Information
Welcome to our comprehensive section on technical markers and references, specifically designed to help practitioners understand the research that underpins the GI-Map test report.
This section provides in-depth research data on each marker, organised to correlate with the main sections of the GI-Map test report. Research articles for each marker offer a scientific foundation for the test results.
Easy-Access Research Papers
To make this information easily accessible, we’ve structured it in an accordion-style format. Click on the main sections to explore the markers within. For instance, under the “Pathogens” section, specific markers, such as Clostridia, are each linked to relevant research articles.
This layout lets practitioners quickly locate and review the scientific studies that validate each marker, ensuring that your interpretations and recommendations are backed by the latest research.
Pathogens
- +C. difficile
- +E. coli
- +Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
- A Dual Filtration-Based Multiplex PCR Method for Simultaneous Detection of Viable Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus on Fresh-Cut Cantaloupe – PMC (nih.gov)
- A Rapid and Simple Real-Time PCR Assay for Detecting Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria in Human Feces (jst.go.jp)
- Rapid screening method for multiple gastroenteric pathogens also detects novel enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 – American Journal of Infection Control (ajicjournal.org)
- +0157
- Escherichia coli (E coli) Infections: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology (medscape.com)
- Paediatric HUS Cases Related to the Consumption of Raw Milk Sold by Vending Machines in Italy: Quantitative Risk Assessment Based on Escherichia coli O157 Official Controls over 7 years – Giacometti – 2017 – Zoonoses and Public Health – Wiley Online Library
- A Dual Filtration-Based Multiplex PCR Method for Simultaneous Detection of Viable Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus on Fresh-Cut Cantaloupe – PMC (nih.gov)
- A Rapid and Simple Real-Time PCR Assay for Detecting Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria in Human Feces (jst.go.jp)
- Rapid screening method for multiple gastroenteric pathogens also detects novel enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 – American Journal of Infection Control (ajicjournal.org)
- +Enteroinvasive E. coli
- Differentiation between Shigella, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and noninvasive Escherichia coli – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Comparison of one commercial and two in‐house TaqMan multiplex real‐time PCR assays for detection of enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli – Hahn – 2017 – Tropical Medicine & International Health – Wiley Online Library
- Relationship among Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) and their differentiation – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Enterotoxigenic E. coli
- +Shiga-like Toxin E. coli
- +Salmonella
- +Yersinia enterocolitica
- Inflammatory bowel disease associated with Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 infection – European Journal of Internal Medicine (ejinme.com)
- Terminal Ileitis due to Yersinia Infection: An Underdiagnosed Situation – PMC (nih.gov)
- Inflammatory bowel disease associated with Yersinia enterocolitica O:3 infection – European Journal of Internal Medicine (ejinme.com)
- [Antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica in immunogenic thyroid diseases] – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Infection, Thyroid Disease, and Autoimmunity* | Endocrine Reviews | Oxford Academic (oup.com)
- Susceptibility of bacteria isolated from acute gastrointestinal infections to rifaximin and other antimicrobial agents in Mexico – PubMed (nih.gov)
Parasitic Pathogens
Viral Pathogens
- +Adenovirus
- +Norovirus
- Identification of a Distinct Common Strain of “Norwalk-like Viruses” Having a Global Distribution | The Journal of Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic (oup.com)
- The Epidemiologic and Clinical Importance of Norovirus Infection – ScienceDirect
- Norovirus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology (medscape.com)
Helicobacter Pylori
- +Helicobacter Pylori
- Mechanisms of disease: Helicobacter pylori virulence factors – PMC (nih.gov)
- Mechanisms of disease: Helicobacter pylori virulence factors – PMC (nih.gov)
- Detection of Helicobacter pylori in stool specimens: comparative evaluation of nested PCR and antigen detection – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Novel Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Simultaneous Clarithromycin Susceptibility Testing of Stool and Biopsy Specimens – PMC (nih.gov)
- Detection of Helicobacter pylori Gastritis by PCR | American Journal of Clinical Pathology | Oxford Academic (oup.com)
- Review article: bacteria and pathogenesis of disease in the upper gastrointestinal tract–beyond the era of Helicobacter pylori – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Co-Infection in Polish Patients with Gastric Cancer – A Pilot Study (sciendo.com)
- Helicobacter pylori-Induced Changes in Gastric Acid Secretion and Upper Gastrointestinal Disease | SpringerLink
- +Virulence factors
- Helicobacter pylori BabA in adaptation for gastric colonization – PMC (nih.gov)
- Clinical Relevance of Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA Gene Polymorphisms – Gastroenterology (gastrojournal.org)
- Role of dupA in virulence of Helicobacter pylori – PMC (nih.gov)
- Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori vacA, cagA, cagE, oipA, iceA, babA2 and babB genotypes in Iranian dyspeptic patients – ScienceDirect
- Helicobacter pylori: correlation of the virulence marker iceA allele with clinical outcome in a high prevalence area – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Outer inflammatory protein a (OipA) of Helicobacter pylori is regulated by host cell contact and mediates CagA translocation and interleukin-8 response only in the presence of a functional cag pathogenicity island type IV secretion system – PMC (nih.gov)
- Helicobacter pylori: A Paradigm Pathogen for Subverting Host Cell Signal Transmission – PubMed (nih.gov)
Commensals
- +Commensals
- Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples – PMC (nih.gov)
- (PDF) What is the evidence for the use of probiotics in functional disorders? (researchgate.net)
- A Clinician’s Primer on the Role of the Microbiome in Human Health and Disease – Mayo Clinic Proceedings
- Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota – PMC (nih.gov)
- Commensal Clostridia: leading players in the maintenance of gut homeostasis | Gut Pathogens | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
- Nondigestible carbohydrates, butyrate, and butyrate-producing bacteria – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Macronutrient metabolism by the human gut microbiome: major fermentation by-products and their impact on host health | Microbiome | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
- Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases – PMC (nih.gov)
- Depletion of butyrate-producing Clostridia from the gut microbiota drives an aerobic luminal expansion of Salmonella – PMC (nih.gov)
- Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status: Cell
- Nature-Derived Microbiota Exposure as a Novel Immunomodulatory Approach: Future Microbiology: Vol 13 , No 7 – Get Access (tandfonline.com)
- American Gut: an Open Platform for Citizen Science Microbiome Research | mSystems (asm.org)
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (lww.com)
- Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology (lww.com)
- Associations of healthy food choices with gut microbiota profiles – ScienceDirect
- +Bacteroides fragilis
- The interplay between microbiota and inflammation: lessons from peritonitis and sepsis – PMC (nih.gov)
- Probiotics and prebiotics: A brief overview – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Occurrence of Zoonotic Clostridia and Yersinia in Healthy Cattle – ScienceDirect
- Shiga Toxin (Stx) Classification, Structure, and Function – PMC (nih.gov)
- Understanding How Commensal Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria Regulate Immune Functions in the Large Intestine – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Bifidobacterium spp.& Lactobacillus spp.
- Influence of early gut microbiota on the maturation of childhood mucosal and systemic immune responses (diva-portal.org)
- Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics | SpringerLink
- Probiotic Effects on Inflammatory Bowel Disease1, – ScienceDirect
- Lactate- and acetate-based cross-feeding interactions between selected strains of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and colon bacteria in the presence of inulin-type fructans – ScienceDirect
- +Enterococcus spp.
- Diversity of enterococcal bacteriocins and their grouping in a new classification scheme | FEMS Microbiology Reviews | Oxford Academic
- Enterococcus faecalis readily colonizes the entire gastrointestinal tract and forms biofilms in a germ-free mouse model – PMC (nih.gov)
- Frontiers | Probiotic Properties of Enterococcus Isolated From Artisanal Dairy Products (frontiersin.org)
- Novel vitamin B12-producing Enterococcus spp. and preliminary in vitro evaluation of probiotic potentials – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bridge between Functional Organic Dichotomy – PMC (nih.gov)
- Rebuilding the Gut Microbiota Ecosystem – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Escherichia spp
- How the E. coli Bacterium Can Benefit Us | Microbiology (labroots.com)
- Metabolic output defines Escherichia coli as a health-promoting microbe against intestinal Pseudomonas aeruginosa – PMC (nih.gov)
- The infant microbiome development: mom matters – PMC (nih.gov)
- Host-derived nitrate boosts growth of E. coli in the inflamed gut – PMC (nih.gov)
- Inhibitory effect of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts on clinically important drug resistant pathogenic bacteria – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Enterobacter spp
- +Akkermansia muciniphila
- The Potential of Gut Commensals in Reinforcing Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviating Inflammation – PMC (nih.gov)
- INTESTINAL PARASITES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Deciphering the trophic interaction between Akkermansia muciniphila and the butyrogenic gut commensal Anaerostipes caccae using a metatranscriptomic approach | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (springer.com)
- Good Bug, Bad Bug: Breaking through Microbial Stereotypes: Cell Host & Microbe
- Action and function of Akkermansia muciniphila in microbiome ecology, health and disease – ScienceDirect
- +Faecalibacterium prausnitzii
- +Roseburia spp.
- Talking microbes: When gut bacteria interact with diet and host organs – PMC (nih.gov)
- The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate in Body Weight Control and Insulin Sensitivity – PMC (nih.gov)
- Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota – Louis – 2017 – Environmental Microbiology – Wiley Online Library
- Roseburia Spp.: A Marker of Health?: Future Microbiology: Vol 12 , No 2 – Get Access (tandfonline.com)
Phyla
- +Phyla
- Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples | Genome Biology | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
- High-fat feeding rather than obesity drives taxonomical and functional changes in the gut microbiota in mice | Microbiome | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
- Use of pyrosequencing and DNA barcodes to monitor variations in Firmicutes and Bacteroidetescommunities in the gut microbiota of obese humans | BMC Genomics | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
- Frequency of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in gut microbiota in obese and normal weight Egyptian children and adults – PMC (nih.gov)
- Oral supplementation with l-glutamine alters gut microbiota of obese and overweight adults: A pilot study – ScienceDirect
- Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Taxonomic Composition and Diversity of the Gut Microbiota in Relation to Habitual Dietary Intake in Korean Adults (mdpi.com)
- Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status: Cell
- Nature-Derived Microbiota Exposure as a Novel Immunomodulatory Approach: Future Microbiology: Vol 13 , No 7 – Get Access (tandfonline.com)
- American Gut: an Open Platform for Citizen Science Microbiome Research | mSystems (asm.org)
- Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly | Nature
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (lww.com)
Opportunistics
- +Pseudomonas spp.
- +Desulfovibrio spp.
- Microscopic Methods for Identification of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria from Various Habitats – PMC (nih.gov)
- Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Bacteremia and Review of Human Desulfovibrio Infections – PMC (nih.gov)
- Sulfate‐reducing bacteria in human feces and their association with inflammatory bowel diseases – Loubinoux – 2002 – FEMS Microbiology Ecology – Wiley Online Library
- Frontiers | Prenatal Maternal Stress Exacerbates Experimental Colitis of Offspring in Adulthood (frontiersin.org)
- Evaluation of Physiological Parameters of Intestinal Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Isolated from Patients Suffering from IBD and Healthy People – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Methanobacteriaceae
- Methanogens in humans: potentially beneficial or harmful for health | Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (springer.com)
- Alterations of the human gut Methanobrevibacter smithii as a biomarker for inflammatory bowel diseases – ScienceDirect
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Particularly the Constipation-Predominant Form, Involves an Increase in Methanobrevibacter smithii, Which Is Associated with Higher Methane Production – PMC (nih.gov)
- Large-scale comparative metagenomics of Blastocystis, a common member of the human gut microbiome – PMC (nih.gov)
- Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Resistant Starch Type 2 from Wheat Reduces Postprandial Glycemic Response with Concurrent Alterations in Gut Microbiota Composition (mdpi.com)
- Effect of resistant starch on breath-hydrogen and methane excretion in healthy volunteers – ScienceDirect
- Gut microbiome responses to dietary intervention with hypocholesterolemic vegetable oils | npj Biofilms and Microbiomes (nature.com)
Auto Immune Bacteria
- +Auto Immune bacteria
- Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity – PubMed (nih.gov)
- [Antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica in immunogenic thyroid diseases] – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Intestinal permeation and gastrointestinal disease – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Mechanisms of disease: the role of intestinal barrier function in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases. – Abstract – Europe PMC
- Antibody responses to gut bacteria in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis | Rheumatology International (springer.com)
- Ankylosing Spondylitis and Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology (medscape.com)
- Rheumatoid Arthritis is an Autoimmune Disease Triggered by Proteus Urinary Tract Infection – PMC (nih.gov)
- Rheumatoid arthritis: proposal for the use of anti‐microbial therapy in early cases: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology: Vol 32, No 1 (tandfonline.com)
- Microbial factors in spondyloarthropathies: insights from population studies – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Management of reactive arthritis: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy: Vol 5, No 1 (tandfonline.com)
- 305.pdf (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Enteropathic Arthropathies: Practice Essentials, Etiology, Epidemiology (medscape.com)
- 30-kDa band from Salmonella typhimurium: IgM, IgA and IgG antibody response in patients with ankylosing spondylitis | Rheumatology | Oxford Academic (oup.com)
- Reactive Arthritis: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology (medscape.com)
- Update on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome in Systemic Sclerosis | Current Rheumatology Reports (springer.com)
- +Fusobacterium spp.
- Fusobacterium nucleatum — symbiont, opportunist and oncobacterium – PMC (nih.gov)
- The Periodontopathic Bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by Human Respiratory Epithelial Cell Lines and in the Lower Respiratory Organs in Mice | Cell Physiol Biochem
- Characteristics of mucosa-associated gut microbiota during treatment in Crohn’s disease – PMC (nih.gov)
- Role of Oral Microbiota in Cancer Development – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Proteus spp.
- +Proeteus mirabalis
- Significance and Roles of Proteus spp. Bacteria in Natural Environments | Microbial Ecology (springer.com)
- Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Autoimmunity in Rheumatic Diseases Is Induced by Microbial Infections via Crossreactivity or Molecular Mimicry – PMC (nih.gov)
- Antibody responses to gut bacteria in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis | Rheumatology International (springer.com)
- From Catheter to Kidney Stone: The Uropathogenic Lifestyle of Proteus mirabilis – PMC (nih.gov)
- PRIME PubMed | Urinary catheter-related visits to the emergency department and implications for community services (unboundmedicine.com)
- Spectrum and antibiotic resistance of uropathogens between 2004 and 2015 in a tertiary care hospital in Hungary | Microbiology Society (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Current Trends of Using Antimicrobials and Their Sensitivity Pattern in Infectious Cases at Department of Orthopedics in a Tertiary Care Hospital – PubMed (nih.gov)
Fungal
Viruses
- +Cytomegalovirus
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Clinical Presentation: History, Physical, Causes (medscape.com)
- About Cytomegalovirus | Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection | CDC
- Evaluation of a multiplex PCR assay for detection of cytomegalovirus in stool samples from patients with ulcerative colitis – PMC (nih.gov)
- European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology (lww.com)
- Active cytomegalovirus infection diagnosed by real-time PCR in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective, controlled observational study*: Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology: Vol 51 , No 9 – Get Access (tandfonline.com)
- Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection in inflammatory bowel disease: Need for mucosal viral load measurement – PMC (nih.gov)
- Cytomegalovirus proctitis in non-human immunodeficiency virus infected patients: A case report and literature review. – Abstract – Europe PMC
- Human Cytomegalovirus and Autoimmune Disease – PMC (nih.gov)
- About Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) | EBV and Mono | CDC
- CD8+ T-Cell Deficiency, Epstein-Barr Virus Infection, Vitamin D Deficiency, and Steps to Autoimmunity: A Unifying Hypothesis – PMC (nih.gov)
- Evidence-Based Approach for Interpretation of Epstein-Barr Virus Serological Patterns – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Epstein-Barr Virus
- Evaluation of a multiplex PCR assay for detection of cytomegalovirus in stool samples from patients with ulcerative colitis – PMC (nih.gov)
- Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection in inflammatory bowel disease: Need for mucosal viral load measurement – PMC (nih.gov)
- Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Co-Infection in Polish Patients with Gastric Cancer – A Pilot Study (sciendo.com)
- +Blastocystis hominis
- +Cyclospora spp.
- 2013 multistate outbreaks of Cyclospora cayetanensis infections associated with fresh produce: focus on the Texas investigations – PMC (nih.gov)
- Molecular detection of Cyclospora in water, soil, vegetables and humans in southern Italy signals a need for improved monitoring by health authorities – ScienceDirect
- Occurrence of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and Cyclospora in influent and effluent water at wastewater treatment plants in Arizona – ScienceDirect
- Cyclospora cayetanensis: a description of clinical aspects of an outbreak in Quebec, Canada | Epidemiology & Infection | Cambridge Core
- Cyclospora cayetanensis in a Pediatric Hospital in Morelia, México in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 91 Issue 3 (2014) (ajtmh.org)
- Diarrhea Outbreak during U.S. Military Training in El Salvador | PLOS ONE
- Cyclospora cayetanensis, Opportunistic Protozoan Parasite, in Van Province, Turkey: A Report of Seven Cases – PubMed (nih.gov)
- +Dientamoeba fragilis
- Investigation of neglected protists Blastocystis sp. and Dientamoeba fragilis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient diarrheal patients using both conventional and molecular methods | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
- Paromomycin is superior to metronidazole in Dientamoeba fragilis treatment – PMC (nih.gov)
- Is the treatment of Enterobius vermicularis co-infection necessary to eradicate Dientamoeba fragilis infection? – International Journal of Infectious Diseases (ijidonline.com)
- +Pentatrichomonas hominis
- Frontiers | Changes of gut microbiota in colorectal cancer patients with Pentatrichomonas hominis infection (frontiersin.org)
- (PDF) NON-PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA (REVIEW ARTICLE) (researchgate.net)
- Molecular identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in two patients with gastrointestinal symptoms | Journal of Clinical Pathology (bmj.com)
Worms
- +Ancylostoma duodenale
- Laboratory diagnosis of soil transmitted helminthiasis – PMC (nih.gov)
- Management of reactive arthritis: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy: Vol 5 , No 1 – Get Access (tandfonline.com)
- Hookworm Disease: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology (medscape.com)
- A Case of Parasite Invasion of the Intestinal Tract: A Missed Diagnosis in Irritable Bowel Syndrome – PMC (nih.gov)
- INTESTINAL PARASITES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Evaluation of the utility of conventional polymerase chain reaction for detection and species differentiation in human hookworm infections – PMC (nih.gov)
- Efficacy of recommended drugs against soil transmitted helminths: systematic review and network meta-analysis | The BMJ
- Hookworm Infection: A Neglected Cause of Overt Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Ascaris lumbricoides
- +Trichuris trichiura
- An unusual cause of overt gastrointestinal bleeding in a malnourished child – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Serum Micronutrients in Helminth-infected Pregnant Women and Children: Suggestions for Differential Supplementation During Anti-helminthic Treatment | Annals of Global Health
- Efficacy of recommended drugs against soil transmitted helminths: systematic review and network meta-analysis | The BMJ
- +Taenia spp.
- Zoonotic foodborne parasites and their surveillance – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Genetic variability of Taenia saginata inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences – CORE Reader
- Molecular identification of species of Taenia causing bovine cysticercosis in Ethiopia | Journal of Helminthology | Cambridge Core
- Comparison of a new multiplex real-time PCR with the Kato Katz thick smear and copro-antigen ELISA for the detection and differentiation of Taenia spp. in human stools | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
- Novel PCRs for differential diagnosis of cestodes – ScienceDirect
- Taenia Infection Clinical Presentation: History, Physical Examination (medscape.com)
- Effect of repeated mass drug administration with praziquantel and track and treat of taeniosis cases on the prevalence of taeniosis in Taenia solium endemic rural communities of Tanzania – ScienceDirect
- Risk factors, perceptions and practices associated with Taenia solium cysticercosis and its control in the smallholder pig production systems in Uganda: a cross-sectional survey | BMC Infectious Diseases | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
Intestinal Health
- +Steatocrit
- The steatocrit as a measure of fecal fat excretion: uses and pitfalls | Indian Journal of Gastroenterology (springer.com)
- Acid steatocrit: a simple, rapid gravimetric method to determine steatorrhea – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Faecal fat content in healthy adults by the ‘acid steatocrit method’ – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Elastase-1
- Staging chronic pancreatitis with exocrine function tests: Are we better? – PMC (nih.gov)
- Using faecal elastase-1 to screen for chronic pancreatitis in patients admitted with acute pancreatitis – PMC (nih.gov)
- Comparing the urinary pancreolauryl ratio and faecal elastase-1 as indicators of pancreatic insufficiency in clinical practice – ScienceDirect
- Should we Investigate Gastroenterology Patients for Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency? A Dual Centre UK Study | Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases (jgld.ro)
- The elimination of meat from the diet selectively decreases pancreatic elastase secretion | British Journal of Nutrition | Cambridge Core
- Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prevalence, diagnosis, and management – PMC (nih.gov)
- Pancreatic Elastase-1 in Stools, a Marker of Exocrine Pancreas Function, Correlates With Both Residual β-Cell Secretion and Metabolic Control in Type 1 Diabetic Subjects | Diabetes Care | American Diabetes Association (diabetesjournals.org)
- +β-Glucuronidase
- +Occult Blood
- +Secretory IgA
- Secretory IgA is Concentrated in the Outer Layer of Colonic Mucus along with Gut Bacteria – PMC (nih.gov)
- Secretory immunoglobulin A: well beyond immune exclusion at mucosal surfaces – PubMed (nih.gov)
- Cooperativity among secretory IgA, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, and the gut microbiota promotes host-microbial mutualism – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Therapeutic Interventions
- +Anti gliadin IgA
- +Eosinophil Activation Protein
- +Calprotectin
- Fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease – PMC (nih.gov)
- Update on clinical and research application of fecal biomarkers for gastrointestinal diseases – PMC (nih.gov)
- Faecal Calprotectin – PMC (nih.gov)
- Questions and answers on the role of fecal lactoferrin as a biological marker in inflammatory bowel disease – PubMed (nih.gov)
- The Utility of Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease – PMC (nih.gov)
- From bench to bedside: Fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel diseases clinical setting – PMC (nih.gov)
- Probiotic supplementation affects markers of intestinal barrier, oxidation, and inflammation in trained men; a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial – PMC (nih.gov)
- Probiotic With or Without Fiber Controls Body Fat Mass, Associated With Serum Zonulin, in Overweight and Obese Adults—Randomized Controlled Trial – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Zonulin
- Leaky Gut and Autoimmune Diseases | Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology (springer.com)
- Physiological, Pathological, and Therapeutic Implications of Zonulin-Mediated Intestinal Barrier Modulation – PMC (nih.gov)
- Intestinal permeability – a new target for disease prevention and therapy – PMC (nih.gov)
- Methods to determine intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation during liver disease – PMC (nih.gov)
- Human zonulin, a potential modulator of intestinal tight junctions | Journal of Cell Science | The Company of Biologists
- Effects of zeolite supplementation on parameters of intestinal barrier integrity, inflammation, redoxbiology and performance in aerobically trained subjects – PMC (nih.gov)
- Intestinal Permeability and its Regulation by Zonulin: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications – PMC (nih.gov)
- +Therapeutic Interventions | One
- Antibacterial effect of Allium sativum cloves and Zingiber officinale rhizomes against multiple-drug resistant clinical pathogens – PMC (nih.gov)
- Inhibitory effect of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts on clinically important drug resistant pathogenic bacteria – PMC (nih.gov)
- Randomized Controlled Trial of Berberine Sulfate Therapy for Diarrhea Due to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae | The Journal of Infectious Diseases | Oxford Academic (oup.com)
- Berberine Monograph (altmedrev.com)
- Allylsulfide constituents of garlic volatile oil as antimicrobial agents – ScienceDirect
- Comparing the Therapeutic Effects of Garlic Tablet and Oral Metronidazole on Bacterial Vaginosis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial – PMC (nih.gov)
- In vitro effects of food extracts on selected probiotic and pathogenic bacteria – PubMed (nih.gov)
- A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS OF GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM) AND ANTIBIOTICS ON DIARRHEAGENIC ORGANISMS
- In vitro antimicrobial activity of olive leaves. Antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit von Olivenblättern in vitro – Markin – 2003 – Mycoses – Wiley Online Library
- An evaluation of the inhibitory effects against rotavirus infection of edible plant extracts | Virology Journal | Full Text (biomedcentral.com)
- Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults – Tap – 2015 – Environmental Microbiology – Wiley Online Library
- Associations of healthy food choices with gut microbiota profiles – ScienceDirect
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